Inertia
Definition: The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.
Example: A stationary object remains at rest, and a moving object continues moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force.

Momentum
Definition: The quantity of motion an object has, which is the product of its mass and velocity.
Formula: Momentum = mass × velocity ( p=mv )

Force
Definition: A push or pull on an object that can cause it to accelerate.
Formula: Force = mass × acceleration ( F = ma )

Impulse
Definition: Change in momentum of an object when a force is applied over a period of time.
Formula: Impulse = Force × time ( J=Ft )